Adding comments to ASTBuilder und ANTL Grammar

src/main/java/parser/astBuilder/ASTBuilder.java

@@ -30,7 +30,18 @@ import parser.generated.*;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 
+/**
+ * ASTBuilder is a visitor that converts the parse tree into an abstract syntax tree (AST).
+ */
 public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
+
+    /**
+     * Visits a program node and creates a ProgramNode.
+     * It iterates through all class declarations in the context and adds them to the ProgramNode.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the program context
+     * @return the AST node for the program
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitProgram(SimpleJavaParser.ProgramContext ctx) {
         ProgramNode program = new ProgramNode();
@@ -40,6 +51,14 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return program;
     }
 
+
+    /**
+     * Visits a class declaration and creates a ClassNode.
+     * It checks for an access modifier, processes member declarations, and ensures the class has a constructor.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the class declaration context
+     * @return the AST node for the class
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitClassDeclaration(SimpleJavaParser.ClassDeclarationContext ctx) {
         ClassNode classNode;
@@ -71,6 +90,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return classNode;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a constructor declaration and creates a ConstructorNode.
+     * It processes access modifiers, block statements, and parameters.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the constructor declaration context
+     * @return the AST node for the constructor
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitConstructorDeclaration(SimpleJavaParser.ConstructorDeclarationContext ctx) {
         ConstructorNode constructorNode;
@@ -88,6 +114,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return constructorNode;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a method declaration and creates a MethodNode or MainMethodNode.
+     * It handles method types, access modifiers, block statements, and parameters.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the method declaration context
+     * @return the AST node for the method
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitMethodDeclaration(SimpleJavaParser.MethodDeclarationContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.MainMethodDeclaration() != null) {
@@ -137,6 +170,14 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         }
     }
 
+
+    /**
+     * Visits a field declaration and creates a FieldNode.
+     * It handles access modifiers and types.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the field declaration context
+     * @return the AST node for the field
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitFieldDeclaration(SimpleJavaParser.FieldDeclarationContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.AccessModifier() != null) {
@@ -146,11 +187,25 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a parameter and creates a ParameterNode.
+     * It handles the type and identifier of the parameter.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the parameter context
+     * @return the AST node for the parameter
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitParameter(SimpleJavaParser.ParameterContext ctx) {
         return new ParameterNode(createTypeNode(ctx.type().getText()), ctx.Identifier().getText());
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a statement and creates the corresponding AST node.
+     * It determines the specific type of statement and processes it accordingly.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitStatement(SimpleJavaParser.StatementContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.returnStatement() != null) {
@@ -175,11 +230,25 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a return statement and creates a ReturnNode.
+     * It processes the expression in the return statement.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the return statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the return statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitReturnStatement(SimpleJavaParser.ReturnStatementContext ctx) {
         return new ReturnNode((IExpressionNode) visit(ctx.expression()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a return statement and creates a ReturnNode.
+     * It processes the expression in the return statement.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the return statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the return statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitLocalVariableDeclaration(SimpleJavaParser.LocalVariableDeclarationContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.Assign() != null) {
@@ -190,6 +259,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
 
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a block statement and creates a BlockNode.
+     * It processes all statements within the block.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the block statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the block statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitBlockStatement(SimpleJavaParser.BlockStatementContext ctx) {
         BlockNode blockNode = new BlockNode();
@@ -199,11 +275,25 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return blockNode;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a while statement and creates a WhileNode.
+     * It processes the condition expression and the block statement.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the while statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the while statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitWhileStatement(SimpleJavaParser.WhileStatementContext ctx) {
         return new WhileNode((IExpressionNode) visit(ctx.expression()), (BlockNode) visit(ctx.blockStatement()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a do-while statement and creates a BlockNode containing a WhileNode.
+     * It processes the condition expression and the block statement.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the do-while statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the do-while statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitDoWhileStatement(SimpleJavaParser.DoWhileStatementContext ctx) {
         IExpressionNode condition = (IExpressionNode) visit(ctx.expression());
@@ -217,6 +307,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return resultBlock;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a for statement and creates a BlockNode that contains a WhileNode.
+     * It processes the initialization, condition, and increment parts of the for loop.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the for statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the for statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitForStatement(SimpleJavaParser.ForStatementContext ctx) {
         List<IStatementNode> statements = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -279,6 +376,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return resultBlock;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits an if-else statement and creates an IfElseNode.
+     * It processes the if, else-if, and else parts of the statement.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the if-else statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the if-else statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitIfElseStatement(SimpleJavaParser.IfElseStatementContext ctx) {
         IfElseNode ifElseStatementNode;
@@ -296,21 +400,49 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return ifElseStatementNode;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits an if statement and creates an IfNode.
+     * It processes the condition expression and the block statement.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the if statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the if statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitIfStatement(SimpleJavaParser.IfStatementContext ctx) {
         return new IfNode((IExpressionNode) visit(ctx.expression()), (BlockNode) visit(ctx.blockStatement()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits an else-if statement and creates an IfNode.
+     * It processes the condition expression and the block statement.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the else-if statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the else-if statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitElseIfStatement(SimpleJavaParser.ElseIfStatementContext ctx) {
         return new IfNode((IExpressionNode) visit(ctx.expression()), (BlockNode) visit(ctx.blockStatement()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits an else statement and creates an ElseNode.
+     * It processes the block statement of the else part.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the else statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the else statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitElseStatement(SimpleJavaParser.ElseStatementContext ctx) {
         return new ElseNode((BlockNode) visit(ctx.blockStatement()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a statement expression and creates the corresponding AST node.
+     * It handles assignments, new declarations, method calls, and increment/decrement expressions.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the statement expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the statement expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitStatementExpression(SimpleJavaParser.StatementExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.assign() != null) {
@@ -325,6 +457,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a switch statement and creates an IfElseNode representing the switch cases.
+     * It processes the switch expression, case statements, and default statement.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the switch statement context
+     * @return the AST node for the switch statement
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitSwitchStatement(SimpleJavaParser.SwitchStatementContext ctx) {
         UnaryNode switchExpression = (UnaryNode) visit(ctx.expression());
@@ -368,11 +507,25 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return ifElseNode;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits an assignment expression and creates an AssignNode.
+     * It handles the assignable expression and the assigned expression.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the assignment context
+     * @return the AST node for the assignment
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitAssign(SimpleJavaParser.AssignContext ctx) {
         return new AssignNode((AssignableNode) visit(ctx.assignableExpression()), (IExpressionNode) visit(ctx.expression()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a new declaration and creates a NewDeclarationNode.
+     * It processes the identifier and the argument list.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the new declaration context
+     * @return the AST node for the new declaration
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitNewDeclaration(SimpleJavaParser.NewDeclarationContext ctx) {
         NewDeclarationNode newDeclarationNode = new NewDeclarationNode(ctx.Identifier().getText());
@@ -382,6 +535,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return newDeclarationNode;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a method call and creates a MethodCallNode.
+     * It processes the target, chained methods, and argument list.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the method call context
+     * @return the AST node for the method call
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitMethodCall(SimpleJavaParser.MethodCallContext ctx) {
         MethodCallNode methodCallStatementExpressionNode;
@@ -399,6 +559,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return methodCallStatementExpressionNode;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits the target of a method call and creates a TargetNode.
+     * It handles various types of targets including 'this', member access, new declarations, and identifiers.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the target context
+     * @return the AST node for the target
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitTarget(SimpleJavaParser.TargetContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.This() != null) {
@@ -413,6 +580,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a chained method and creates a ChainedMethodNode.
+     * It processes the identifier and the argument list.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the chained method context
+     * @return the AST node for the chained method
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitChainedMethod(SimpleJavaParser.ChainedMethodContext ctx) {
         ChainedMethodNode chainedMethodNode = new ChainedMethodNode(ctx.Identifier().getText());
@@ -422,6 +596,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return chainedMethodNode;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits an increment or decrement expression and creates the corresponding AST node.
+     * It handles both prefix and suffix forms of increment and decrement.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the crement expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the crement expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitCrementExpression(SimpleJavaParser.CrementExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.incrementExpression() != null) {
@@ -432,6 +613,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits an increment expression and creates an IncrementNode.
+     * It handles both prefix and suffix forms.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the increment expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the increment expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitIncrementExpression(SimpleJavaParser.IncrementExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.prefixIncrementExpression() != null) {
@@ -442,16 +630,35 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a prefix increment expression and creates an IncrementNode.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the prefix increment expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the prefix increment expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitPrefixIncrementExpression(SimpleJavaParser.PrefixIncrementExpressionContext ctx) {
         return new IncrementNode(CrementType.PREFIX, (AssignableNode) visit(ctx.assignableExpression()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a suffix increment expression and creates an IncrementNode.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the suffix increment expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the suffix increment expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitSuffixIncrementExpression(SimpleJavaParser.SuffixIncrementExpressionContext ctx) {
         return new IncrementNode(CrementType.SUFFIX, (AssignableNode) visit(ctx.assignableExpression()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a decrement expression and creates a DecrementNode.
+     * It handles both prefix and suffix forms.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the decrement expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the decrement expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitDecrementExpression(SimpleJavaParser.DecrementExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.prefixDecrementExpression() != null) {
@@ -462,16 +669,35 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a prefix decrement expression and creates a DecrementNode.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the prefix decrement expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the prefix decrement expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitPrefixDecrementExpression(SimpleJavaParser.PrefixDecrementExpressionContext ctx) {
         return new DecrementNode(CrementType.PREFIX, (AssignableNode) visit(ctx.assignableExpression()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a suffix decrement expression and creates a DecrementNode.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the suffix decrement expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the suffix decrement expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitSuffixDecrementExpression(SimpleJavaParser.SuffixDecrementExpressionContext ctx) {
         return new DecrementNode(CrementType.SUFFIX, (AssignableNode) visit(ctx.assignableExpression()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits an expression and creates the corresponding AST node.
+     * It handles both unary and binary expressions.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitExpression(SimpleJavaParser.ExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.unaryExpression() != null) {
@@ -482,6 +708,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a unary expression and creates a UnaryNode.
+     * It handles various forms of unary expressions including 'this', identifiers, member access, values, and more.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the unary expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the unary expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitUnaryExpression(SimpleJavaParser.UnaryExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.This() != null) {
@@ -502,6 +735,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a member access expression and creates a MemberAccessNode.
+     * It processes the 'this' keyword and identifiers for member access.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the member access context
+     * @return the AST node for the member access
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitMemberAccess(SimpleJavaParser.MemberAccessContext ctx) {
         MemberAccessNode memberAccessNode;
@@ -516,6 +756,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return memberAccessNode;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a value and creates a ValueNode.
+     * It handles integer, boolean, char, and null values.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the value context
+     * @return the AST node for the value
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitValue(SimpleJavaParser.ValueContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.IntValue() != null) {
@@ -530,12 +777,25 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a not expression and creates a NotNode.
+     * It processes the expression to which the 'not' operator is applied.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the not expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the not expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitNotExpression(SimpleJavaParser.NotExpressionContext ctx) {
         return new NotNode((IExpressionNode) visitExpression(ctx.expression()));
     }
 
-
+    /**
+     * Visits a binary expression and creates the corresponding AST node.
+     * It handles both calculation and non-calculation expressions.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the binary expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the binary expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitBinaryExpression(SimpleJavaParser.BinaryExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.calculationExpression() != null) {
@@ -546,6 +806,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a calculation expression and creates a CalculationNode.
+     * It handles line operators and dot expressions.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the calculation expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the calculation expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitCalculationExpression(SimpleJavaParser.CalculationExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.calculationExpression() != null) {
@@ -556,6 +823,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a dot expression and creates a DotNode.
+     * It handles dot operators and dot subtraction expressions.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the dot expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the dot expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitDotExpression(SimpleJavaParser.DotExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.dotExpression() != null) {
@@ -566,6 +840,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a dot subtraction expression and creates a DotSubtractionNode.
+     * It handles integer values, identifiers, member access, and method calls.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the dot subtraction expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the dot subtraction expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitDotSubtractionExpression(SimpleJavaParser.DotSubtractionExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.IntValue() != null) {
@@ -580,11 +861,25 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits a non-calculation expression and creates a NonCalculationNode.
+     * It handles unary expressions combined with non-calculation operators.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the non-calculation expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the non-calculation expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitNonCalculationExpression(SimpleJavaParser.NonCalculationExpressionContext ctx) {
         return new NonCalculationNode((UnaryNode) visit(ctx.unaryExpression()), ctx.nonCalculationOperator().getText(), (IExpressionNode) visit(ctx.expression()));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Visits an assignable expression and creates an AssignableNode.
+     * It handles identifiers and member access.
+     *
+     * @param ctx the assignable expression context
+     * @return the AST node for the assignable expression
+     */
     @Override
     public ASTNode visitAssignableExpression(SimpleJavaParser.AssignableExpressionContext ctx) {
         if(ctx.Identifier() != null) {
@@ -595,6 +890,13 @@ public class ASTBuilder extends SimpleJavaBaseVisitor<ASTNode> {
         return null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Creates an ITypeNode based on the type identifier.
+     * It handles basic types and reference types.
+     *
+     * @param identifier the type identifier
+     * @return the type node
+     */
     public ITypeNode createTypeNode(String identifier){
         return switch (identifier) {
             case "int" -> new BaseType(TypeEnum.INT);

src/main/java/parser/grammar/SimpleJava.g4

@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 grammar SimpleJava;
 
 // Programm-Konstrukte
-program: classDeclaration+;
+program: classDeclaration+; // Ein Programm besteht aus einer oder mehreren Klassendeklarationen
 
-classDeclaration: AccessModifier? 'class' Identifier OpenCurlyBracket memberDeclaration* ClosedCurlyBracket;
-memberDeclaration: constructorDeclaration | fieldDeclaration | methodDeclaration;
+classDeclaration: AccessModifier? 'class' Identifier OpenCurlyBracket memberDeclaration* ClosedCurlyBracket; // Deklariert eine Klasse mit optionalem Zugriffsmodifikator und mehreren Mitgliedern
+memberDeclaration: constructorDeclaration | fieldDeclaration | methodDeclaration; // Ein Mitglied kann ein Konstruktor, ein Feld oder eine Methode sein
 
-constructorDeclaration: AccessModifier? Identifier OpenRoundBracket parameterList? ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement;
-fieldDeclaration: AccessModifier? type Identifier (Assign expression)? Semicolon;
-methodDeclaration: MainMethodDeclaration blockStatement | AccessModifier? (type | Void) Identifier OpenRoundBracket parameterList? ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement;
+constructorDeclaration: AccessModifier? Identifier OpenRoundBracket parameterList? ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement; // Deklariert einen Konstruktor
+fieldDeclaration: AccessModifier? type Identifier (Assign expression)? Semicolon; // Deklariert ein Feld mit optionaler Initialisierung
+methodDeclaration: MainMethodDeclaration blockStatement | AccessModifier? (type | Void) Identifier OpenRoundBracket parameterList? ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement; // Deklariert eine Methode
 
-parameterList: parameter (Comma parameter)*;
-parameter: type Identifier;
-argumentList: (expression (Comma expression)*)?;
+parameterList: parameter (Comma parameter)*; // Parameterliste für Methoden und Konstruktoren
+parameter: type Identifier; // Ein einzelner Parameter mit Typ und Bezeichner
+argumentList: (expression (Comma expression)*)?; // Argumentliste für Methodenaufrufe
 
 // Anweisungen
 statement: returnStatement Semicolon
@@ -23,32 +23,32 @@ statement: returnStatement Semicolon
          | forStatement
          | ifElseStatement
          | switchStatement
-         | statementExpression Semicolon;
+         | statementExpression Semicolon; // Verschiedene Arten von Anweisungen
 
-blockStatement: OpenCurlyBracket statement* ClosedCurlyBracket;
+blockStatement: OpenCurlyBracket statement* ClosedCurlyBracket; // Ein Block von Anweisungen
 
-returnStatement: Return (expression)?;
-localVariableDeclaration: type Identifier (Assign expression)?;
+returnStatement: Return (expression)?; // Rückgabe-Anweisung
+localVariableDeclaration: type Identifier (Assign expression)?; // Deklaration einer lokalen Variable
 
-whileStatement: While OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement;
-doWhileStatement: Do blockStatement While OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket Semicolon;
-forStatement: For OpenRoundBracket (statementExpression | localVariableDeclaration) Semicolon (expression)? Semicolon (statementExpression)? ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement;
+whileStatement: While OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement; // While-Schleife
+doWhileStatement: Do blockStatement While OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket Semicolon; // Do-While-Schleife
+forStatement: For OpenRoundBracket (statementExpression | localVariableDeclaration) Semicolon (expression)? Semicolon (statementExpression)? ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement; // For-Schleife
 
-ifElseStatement: ifStatement elseIfStatement* elseStatement?;
-ifStatement: If OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement;
-elseIfStatement: Else If OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement;
-elseStatement: Else blockStatement;
+ifElseStatement: ifStatement elseIfStatement* elseStatement?; // If-Else-Bedingung
+ifStatement: If OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement; // If-Teil der Bedingung
+elseIfStatement: Else If OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket blockStatement; // Else-If-Teil der Bedingung
+elseStatement: Else blockStatement; // Else-Teil der Bedingung
 
-switchStatement: Switch OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket OpenCurlyBracket caseStatement+ defaultStatement? ClosedCurlyBracket;
-caseStatement: Case value Colon statement*;
-defaultStatement: Default Colon statement*;
+switchStatement: Switch OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket OpenCurlyBracket caseStatement+ defaultStatement? ClosedCurlyBracket; // Switch-Anweisung
+caseStatement: Case value Colon statement*; // Ein Case-Teil einer Switch-Anweisung
+defaultStatement: Default Colon statement*; // Default-Teil einer Switch-Anweisung
 
-statementExpression: assign | newDeclaration | methodCall | crementExpression;
-assign: assignableExpression Assign expression;
-newDeclaration: New Identifier OpenRoundBracket argumentList ClosedRoundBracket;
+statementExpression: assign | newDeclaration | methodCall | crementExpression; // Ausdruck innerhalb einer Anweisung
+assign: assignableExpression Assign expression; // Zuweisung
+newDeclaration: New Identifier OpenRoundBracket argumentList ClosedRoundBracket; // Instanziierung eines neuen Objekts
 
 // Ausdrücke
-expression: unaryExpression | binaryExpression;
+expression: unaryExpression | binaryExpression; // Ein Ausdruck kann unär oder binär sein
 
 unaryExpression: This
                | Identifier
@@ -56,97 +56,97 @@ unaryExpression: This
                | value
                | notExpression
                | statementExpression
-               | OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket;
+               | OpenRoundBracket expression ClosedRoundBracket; // Unäre Ausdrücke
 
-notExpression: Not expression;
+notExpression: Not expression; // Nicht-Ausdruck
 
-crementExpression: incrementExpression | decrementExpression;
+crementExpression: incrementExpression | decrementExpression; // Inkrement-/Dekrement-Ausdrücke
 
 incrementExpression: prefixIncrementExpression | suffixIncrementExpression;
-prefixIncrementExpression: '++' assignableExpression;
-suffixIncrementExpression: assignableExpression '++';
+prefixIncrementExpression: '++' assignableExpression; // Präfix-Inkrement
+suffixIncrementExpression: assignableExpression '++'; // Suffix-Inkrement
 
-decrementExpression: prefixDecrementExpression | suffixDecrementExpression;
-prefixDecrementExpression: '--' assignableExpression;
-suffixDecrementExpression: assignableExpression '--';
+decrementExpression: prefixDecrementExpression | suffixDecrementExpression; // Dekrement-Ausdrücke
+prefixDecrementExpression: '--' assignableExpression; // Präfix-Dekrement
+suffixDecrementExpression: assignableExpression '--'; // Suffix-Dekrement
 
-assignableExpression: Identifier | memberAccess;
+assignableExpression: Identifier | memberAccess; // Zuweisbarer Ausdruck
 
 memberAccess: This Dot Identifier
-            | (This Dot)? (Identifier Dot)+ Identifier;
+            | (This Dot)? (Identifier Dot)+ Identifier; // Mitgliedszugriff
 
-binaryExpression: calculationExpression | nonCalculationExpression;
+binaryExpression: calculationExpression | nonCalculationExpression; // Binäre Ausdrücke
 
 calculationExpression: calculationExpression LineOperator dotExpression
-                     | dotExpression;
+                     | dotExpression; // Berechnungsausdrücke
 
 dotExpression: dotExpression DotOperator dotSubtractionExpression
-              | dotSubtractionExpression;
+              | dotSubtractionExpression; // Punktoperationen
 
 dotSubtractionExpression: IntValue
                         | Identifier
                         | memberAccess
-                        | methodCall OpenRoundBracket calculationExpression ClosedRoundBracket;
+                        | methodCall OpenRoundBracket calculationExpression ClosedRoundBracket; // Punkt-Subtraktionsausdrücke
 
-nonCalculationExpression: unaryExpression nonCalculationOperator expression;
+nonCalculationExpression: unaryExpression nonCalculationOperator expression; // Nicht-Berechnungsausdrücke
 
 // Methodenaufrufe
-methodCall: target? chainedMethod* Identifier OpenRoundBracket argumentList ClosedRoundBracket;
-target: (This | memberAccess | newDeclaration | Identifier) Dot;
-chainedMethod: Identifier OpenRoundBracket argumentList ClosedRoundBracket Dot;
+methodCall: target? chainedMethod* Identifier OpenRoundBracket argumentList ClosedRoundBracket; // Methodenaufruf
+target: (This | memberAccess | newDeclaration | Identifier) Dot; // Ziel eines Methodenaufrufs
+chainedMethod: Identifier OpenRoundBracket argumentList ClosedRoundBracket Dot; // Verkettete Methode
 
 // Typen
 type: Int
     | Boolean
     | Char
-    | Identifier;
+    | Identifier; // Datentypen
 
-Void: 'void';
-Boolean: 'boolean';
-Char: 'char';
-Int: 'int';
+Void: 'void'; // Void-Typ
+Boolean: 'boolean'; // Boolean-Typ
+Char: 'char'; // Char-Typ
+Int: 'int'; // Integer-Typ
 
 value: IntValue
      | BooleanValue
      | CharValue
-     | NullValue;
+     | NullValue; // Werte
 
 // Zugriffsmodifikatoren
-AccessModifier: 'public' | 'private' | 'public static' | 'private static';
-MainMethodDeclaration: 'public static void main(String[] args)';
+AccessModifier: 'public' | 'private' | 'public static' | 'private static'; // Zugriffsmodifikatoren
+MainMethodDeclaration: 'public static void main(String[] args)'; // Hauptmethoden-Deklaration
 
 // Operatoren
-nonCalculationOperator: LogicalOperator | ComparisonOperator;
+nonCalculationOperator: LogicalOperator | ComparisonOperator; // Nicht-Berechnungsoperatoren
 
-DotOperator: Mult | Div | Modulo;
-LineOperator: Plus | Minus;
-ComparisonOperator: Greater | Less | GreaterEqual | LessEqual | Equal | NotEqual;
-LogicalOperator: And | Or;
+DotOperator: Mult | Div | Modulo; // Punktoperatoren
+LineOperator: Plus | Minus; // Linienoperatoren
+ComparisonOperator: Greater | Less | GreaterEqual | LessEqual | Equal | NotEqual; // Vergleichsoperatoren
+LogicalOperator: And | Or; // Logische Operatoren
 
-Assign: '=';
-Plus: '+';
-Minus: '-';
-Mult: '*';
-Modulo: '%';
-Div: '/';
-Greater: '>';
-Less: '<';
-GreaterEqual: '>=';
-LessEqual: '<=';
-Equal: '==';
-NotEqual: '!=';
-Not: '!';
-And: '&&';
-Or: '||';
+Assign: '='; // Zuweisungsoperator
+Plus: '+'; // Plus-Operator
+Minus: '-'; // Minus-Operator
+Mult: '*'; // Multiplikationsoperator
+Modulo: '%'; // Modulo-Operator
+Div: '/'; // Divisionsoperator
+Greater: '>'; // Größer-Operator
+Less: '<'; // Kleiner-Operator
+GreaterEqual: '>='; // Größer-Gleich-Operator
+LessEqual: '<='; // Kleiner-Gleich-Operator
+Equal: '=='; // Gleichheitsoperator
+NotEqual: '!='; // Ungleichheitsoperator
+Not: '!'; // Nicht-Operator
+And: '&&'; // Und-Operator
+Or: '||'; // Oder-Operator
 
 // Symbole
-Dot: '.';
-OpenRoundBracket: '(';
-ClosedRoundBracket: ')';
-OpenCurlyBracket: '{';
-ClosedCurlyBracket: '}';
-Semicolon: ';';
-Comma: ',';
+Dot: '.'; // Punkt-Symbol
+OpenRoundBracket: '('; // Öffnende runde Klammer
+ClosedRoundBracket: ')'; // Schließende runde Klammer
+OpenCurlyBracket: '{'; // Öffnende geschweifte Klammer
+ClosedCurlyBracket: '}'; // Schließende geschweifte Klammer
+Semicolon: ';'; // Semikolon
+Comma: ','; // Komma
 
 // Schlüsselwörter
 Class: 'class';
@@ -161,21 +161,21 @@ New: 'new';
 Switch: 'switch';
 Case: 'case';
 Default: 'default';
-Colon: ':';
+Colon: ':'; // Doppelpunkt
 
 // Werte
-CharValue: '\'' ~[\r\n]* '\'';
-IntValue: Minus? Numeric+;
-BooleanValue: 'true' | 'false';
-NullValue: 'null';
+CharValue: '\'' ~[\r\n]* '\''; // Zeichenwert
+IntValue: Minus? Numeric+; // Ganzzahlwert
+BooleanValue: 'true' | 'false'; // Boolean-Wert
+NullValue: 'null'; // Null-Wert
 
 // Bezeichner
 fragment Alphabetic: [a-zA-Z];
 fragment Numeric: [0-9];
 fragment ValidIdentSymbols: Alphabetic | Numeric | '$' | '_';
-Identifier: Alphabetic ValidIdentSymbols*;
+Identifier: Alphabetic ValidIdentSymbols*; // Bezeichner
 
 // Whitespaces und Kommentare ignorieren
-WS: [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip;
-InlineComment: '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip;
-MultilineComment: '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip;
+WS: [ \t\r\n]+ -> skip; // Leerzeichen ignorieren
+InlineComment: '//' ~[\r\n]* -> skip; // Einzeilige Kommentare ignorieren
+MultilineComment: '/*' .*? '*/' -> skip; // Mehrzeilige Kommentare ignorieren