7031343: Provide API changes to support future GCM AEAD ciphers

Reviewed-by: valeriep, xuelei

jdk/src/share/classes/javax/crypto/AEADBadTagException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package javax.crypto;
+
+/**
+ * This exception is thrown when a {@link Cipher} operating in
+ * an AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM) is unable to verify the supplied
+ * authentication tag.
+ *
+ * @since 1.7
+ */
+public class AEADBadTagException extends BadPaddingException {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -488059093241685509L;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a AEADBadTagException with no detail message.
+     */
+    public AEADBadTagException() {
+        super();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a AEADBadTagException with the specified
+     * detail message.
+     *
+     * @param msg the detail message.
+     */
+    public AEADBadTagException(String msg) {
+        super(msg);
+    }
+}

jdk/src/share/classes/javax/crypto/Cipher.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 1997, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -88,8 +88,35 @@ import sun.security.jca.GetInstance.Instance;
  * example, the SunJCE provider uses a default of 64 bits for DES.)
  * Thus, block ciphers can be turned into byte-oriented stream ciphers by
  * using an 8 bit mode such as CFB8 or OFB8.
+ * <p>
+ * Modes such as Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD)
+ * provide authenticity assurances for both confidential data and
+ * Additional Associated Data (AAD) that is not encrypted.  (Please see
+ * <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5116.txt"> RFC 5116 </a> for more
+ * information on AEAD and AEAD algorithms such as GCM/CCM.) Both
+ * confidential and AAD data can be used when calculating the
+ * authentication tag (similar to a {@link Mac}).  This tag is appended
+ * to the ciphertext during encryption, and is verified on decryption.
+ * <p>
+ * AEAD modes such as GCM/CCM perform all AAD authenticity calculations
+ * before starting the ciphertext authenticity calculations.  To avoid
+ * implementations having to internally buffer ciphertext, all AAD data
+ * must be supplied to GCM/CCM implementations (via the {@code
+ * updateAAD} methods) <b>before</b> the ciphertext is processed (via
+ * the {@code update} and {@code doFinal} methods).
  *
- * <p> Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support
+ * <pre>
+ *     GCMParameterSpec s = new GCMParameterSpec(...);
+ *     cipher.init(..., s);
+ *
+ *     // If the GCMParameterSpec is needed again
+ *     cipher.getParameters().getParameterSpec(GCMParameterSpec.class));
+ *
+ *     cipher.updateAAD(...);  // AAD
+ *     cipher.update(...);     // Multi-part update
+ *     cipher.doFinal(...);    // conclusion of operation
+ * </pre>
+ * Every implementation of the Java platform is required to support
  * the following standard <code>Cipher</code> transformations with the keysizes
  * in parentheses:
  * <ul>
@@ -894,7 +921,7 @@ public class Cipher {
      * <code>inputLen</code> (in bytes).
      *
      * <p>This call takes into account any unprocessed (buffered) data from a
-     * previous <code>update</code> call, and padding.
+     * previous <code>update</code> call, padding, and AEAD tagging.
      *
      * <p>The actual output length of the next <code>update</code> or
      * <code>doFinal</code> call may be smaller than the length returned by
@@ -1090,6 +1117,11 @@ public class Cipher {
      * {@link #getParameters() getParameters} or
      * {@link #getIV() getIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them using the {@link SecureRandom <code>SecureRandom</code>}
@@ -1110,8 +1142,8 @@ public class Cipher {
      * @param key the key
      *
      * @exception InvalidKeyException if the given key is inappropriate for
-     * initializing this cipher, or if this cipher is being initialized for
+     * initializing this cipher, or requires
-     * decryption and requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * algorithm parameters that cannot be
      * determined from the given key, or if the given key has a keysize that
      * exceeds the maximum allowable keysize (as determined from the
      * configured jurisdiction policy files).
@@ -1138,6 +1170,11 @@ public class Cipher {
      * {@link #getParameters() getParameters} or
      * {@link #getIV() getIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them from <code>random</code>.
@@ -1155,8 +1192,8 @@ public class Cipher {
      * @param random the source of randomness
      *
      * @exception InvalidKeyException if the given key is inappropriate for
-     * initializing this cipher, or if this cipher is being initialized for
+     * initializing this cipher, or requires
-     * decryption and requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * algorithm parameters that cannot be
      * determined from the given key, or if the given key has a keysize that
      * exceeds the maximum allowable keysize (as determined from the
      * configured jurisdiction policy files).
@@ -1202,6 +1239,11 @@ public class Cipher {
      * {@link #getParameters() getParameters} or
      * {@link #getIV() getIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them using the {@link SecureRandom <code>SecureRandom</code>}
@@ -1227,7 +1269,7 @@ public class Cipher {
      * keysize (as determined from the configured jurisdiction policy files).
      * @exception InvalidAlgorithmParameterException if the given algorithm
      * parameters are inappropriate for this cipher,
-     * or this cipher is being initialized for decryption and requires
+     * or this cipher requires
      * algorithm parameters and <code>params</code> is null, or the given
      * algorithm parameters imply a cryptographic strength that would exceed
      * the legal limits (as determined from the configured jurisdiction
@@ -1258,6 +1300,11 @@ public class Cipher {
      * {@link #getParameters() getParameters} or
      * {@link #getIV() getIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them from <code>random</code>.
@@ -1280,7 +1327,7 @@ public class Cipher {
      * keysize (as determined from the configured jurisdiction policy files).
      * @exception InvalidAlgorithmParameterException if the given algorithm
      * parameters are inappropriate for this cipher,
-     * or this cipher is being initialized for decryption and requires
+     * or this cipher requires
      * algorithm parameters and <code>params</code> is null, or the given
      * algorithm parameters imply a cryptographic strength that would exceed
      * the legal limits (as determined from the configured jurisdiction
@@ -1323,6 +1370,11 @@ public class Cipher {
      * {@link #getParameters() getParameters} or
      * {@link #getIV() getIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them using the {@link SecureRandom <code>SecureRandom</code>}
@@ -1348,7 +1400,7 @@ public class Cipher {
      * keysize (as determined from the configured jurisdiction policy files).
      * @exception InvalidAlgorithmParameterException if the given algorithm
      * parameters are inappropriate for this cipher,
-     * or this cipher is being initialized for decryption and requires
+     * or this cipher requires
      * algorithm parameters and <code>params</code> is null, or the given
      * algorithm parameters imply a cryptographic strength that would exceed
      * the legal limits (as determined from the configured jurisdiction
@@ -1379,6 +1431,11 @@ public class Cipher {
      * {@link #getParameters() getParameters} or
      * {@link #getIV() getIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them from <code>random</code>.
@@ -1401,7 +1458,7 @@ public class Cipher {
      * keysize (as determined from the configured jurisdiction policy files).
      * @exception InvalidAlgorithmParameterException if the given algorithm
      * parameters are inappropriate for this cipher,
-     * or this cipher is being initialized for decryption and requires
+     * or this cipher requires
      * algorithm parameters and <code>params</code> is null, or the given
      * algorithm parameters imply a cryptographic strength that would exceed
      * the legal limits (as determined from the configured jurisdiction
@@ -1444,7 +1501,7 @@ public class Cipher {
      * derived from the public key in the given certificate, the underlying
      * cipher
      * implementation is supposed to generate the required parameters itself
-     * (using provider-specific default or ramdom values) if it is being
+     * (using provider-specific default or random values) if it is being
      * initialized for encryption or key wrapping, and raise an <code>
      * InvalidKeyException</code> if it is being initialized for decryption or
      * key unwrapping.
@@ -1452,6 +1509,11 @@ public class Cipher {
      * {@link #getParameters() getParameters} or
      * {@link #getIV() getIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them using the
@@ -1474,8 +1536,7 @@ public class Cipher {
      *
      * @exception InvalidKeyException if the public key in the given
      * certificate is inappropriate for initializing this cipher, or this
-     * cipher is being initialized for decryption or unwrapping keys and
+     * cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be determined from the
-     * requires algorithm parameters that cannot be determined from the
      * public key in the given certificate, or the keysize of the public key
      * in the given certificate has a keysize that exceeds the maximum
      * allowable keysize (as determined by the configured jurisdiction policy
@@ -1518,6 +1579,11 @@ public class Cipher {
      * {@link #getParameters() getParameters} or
      * {@link #getIV() getIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them from <code>random</code>.
@@ -1536,7 +1602,7 @@ public class Cipher {
      *
      * @exception InvalidKeyException if the public key in the given
      * certificate is inappropriate for initializing this cipher, or this
-     * cipher is being initialized for decryption or unwrapping keys and
+     * cipher
      * requires algorithm parameters that cannot be determined from the
      * public key in the given certificate, or the keysize of the public key
      * in the given certificate has a keysize that exceeds the maximum
@@ -1865,6 +1931,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * <p>Input data that may have been buffered during a previous
      * <code>update</code> operation is processed, with padding (if requested)
      * being applied.
+     * If an AEAD mode such as GCM/CCM is being used, the authentication
+     * tag is appended in the case of encryption, or verified in the
+     * case of decryption.
      * The result is stored in a new buffer.
      *
      * <p>Upon finishing, this method resets this cipher object to the state
@@ -1888,6 +1957,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * @exception BadPaddingException if this cipher is in decryption mode,
      * and (un)padding has been requested, but the decrypted data is not
      * bounded by the appropriate padding bytes
+     * @exception AEADBadTagException if this cipher is decrypting in an
+     * AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM), and the received authentication tag
+     * does not match the calculated value
      */
     public final byte[] doFinal()
             throws IllegalBlockSizeException, BadPaddingException {
@@ -1904,6 +1976,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * <p>Input data that may have been buffered during a previous
      * <code>update</code> operation is processed, with padding (if requested)
      * being applied.
+     * If an AEAD mode such as GCM/CCM is being used, the authentication
+     * tag is appended in the case of encryption, or verified in the
+     * case of decryption.
      * The result is stored in the <code>output</code> buffer, starting at
      * <code>outputOffset</code> inclusive.
      *
@@ -1940,6 +2015,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * @exception BadPaddingException if this cipher is in decryption mode,
      * and (un)padding has been requested, but the decrypted data is not
      * bounded by the appropriate padding bytes
+     * @exception AEADBadTagException if this cipher is decrypting in an
+     * AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM), and the received authentication tag
+     * does not match the calculated value
      */
     public final int doFinal(byte[] output, int outputOffset)
             throws IllegalBlockSizeException, ShortBufferException,
@@ -1963,6 +2041,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * <p>The bytes in the <code>input</code> buffer, and any input bytes that
      * may have been buffered during a previous <code>update</code> operation,
      * are processed, with padding (if requested) being applied.
+     * If an AEAD mode such as GCM/CCM is being used, the authentication
+     * tag is appended in the case of encryption, or verified in the
+     * case of decryption.
      * The result is stored in a new buffer.
      *
      * <p>Upon finishing, this method resets this cipher object to the state
@@ -1988,6 +2069,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * @exception BadPaddingException if this cipher is in decryption mode,
      * and (un)padding has been requested, but the decrypted data is not
      * bounded by the appropriate padding bytes
+     * @exception AEADBadTagException if this cipher is decrypting in an
+     * AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM), and the received authentication tag
+     * does not match the calculated value
      */
     public final byte[] doFinal(byte[] input)
             throws IllegalBlockSizeException, BadPaddingException {
@@ -2011,6 +2095,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * buffer, starting at <code>inputOffset</code> inclusive, and any input
      * bytes that may have been buffered during a previous <code>update</code>
      * operation, are processed, with padding (if requested) being applied.
+     * If an AEAD mode such as GCM/CCM is being used, the authentication
+     * tag is appended in the case of encryption, or verified in the
+     * case of decryption.
      * The result is stored in a new buffer.
      *
      * <p>Upon finishing, this method resets this cipher object to the state
@@ -2039,6 +2126,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * @exception BadPaddingException if this cipher is in decryption mode,
      * and (un)padding has been requested, but the decrypted data is not
      * bounded by the appropriate padding bytes
+     * @exception AEADBadTagException if this cipher is decrypting in an
+     * AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM), and the received authentication tag
+     * does not match the calculated value
      */
     public final byte[] doFinal(byte[] input, int inputOffset, int inputLen)
             throws IllegalBlockSizeException, BadPaddingException {
@@ -2063,6 +2153,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * buffer, starting at <code>inputOffset</code> inclusive, and any input
      * bytes that may have been buffered during a previous <code>update</code>
      * operation, are processed, with padding (if requested) being applied.
+     * If an AEAD mode such as GCM/CCM is being used, the authentication
+     * tag is appended in the case of encryption, or verified in the
+     * case of decryption.
      * The result is stored in the <code>output</code> buffer.
      *
      * <p>If the <code>output</code> buffer is too small to hold the result,
@@ -2105,6 +2198,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * @exception BadPaddingException if this cipher is in decryption mode,
      * and (un)padding has been requested, but the decrypted data is not
      * bounded by the appropriate padding bytes
+     * @exception AEADBadTagException if this cipher is decrypting in an
+     * AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM), and the received authentication tag
+     * does not match the calculated value
      */
     public final int doFinal(byte[] input, int inputOffset, int inputLen,
                              byte[] output)
@@ -2133,6 +2229,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * bytes that may have been buffered during a previous
      * <code>update</code> operation, are processed, with padding
      * (if requested) being applied.
+     * If an AEAD mode such as GCM/CCM is being used, the authentication
+     * tag is appended in the case of encryption, or verified in the
+     * case of decryption.
      * The result is stored in the <code>output</code> buffer, starting at
      * <code>outputOffset</code> inclusive.
      *
@@ -2178,6 +2277,9 @@ public class Cipher {
      * @exception BadPaddingException if this cipher is in decryption mode,
      * and (un)padding has been requested, but the decrypted data is not
      * bounded by the appropriate padding bytes
+     * @exception AEADBadTagException if this cipher is decrypting in an
+     * AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM), and the received authentication tag
+     * does not match the calculated value
      */
     public final int doFinal(byte[] input, int inputOffset, int inputLen,
                              byte[] output, int outputOffset)
@@ -2203,8 +2305,11 @@ public class Cipher {
      * depending on how this cipher was initialized.
      *
      * <p>All <code>input.remaining()</code> bytes starting at
-     * <code>input.position()</code> are processed. The result is stored
+     * <code>input.position()</code> are processed.
-     * in the output buffer.
+     * If an AEAD mode such as GCM/CCM is being used, the authentication
+     * tag is appended in the case of encryption, or verified in the
+     * case of decryption.
+     * The result is stored in the output buffer.
      * Upon return, the input buffer's position will be equal
      * to its limit; its limit will not have changed. The output buffer's
      * position will have advanced by n, where n is the value returned
@@ -2250,6 +2355,10 @@ public class Cipher {
      * @exception BadPaddingException if this cipher is in decryption mode,
      * and (un)padding has been requested, but the decrypted data is not
      * bounded by the appropriate padding bytes
+     * @exception AEADBadTagException if this cipher is decrypting in an
+     * AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM), and the received authentication tag
+     * does not match the calculated value
+     *
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public final int doFinal(ByteBuffer input, ByteBuffer output)
@@ -2441,4 +2550,128 @@ public class Cipher {
         CryptoPermission cp = getConfiguredPermission(transformation);
         return cp.getAlgorithmParameterSpec();
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Continues a multi-part update of the Additional Authentication
+     * Data (AAD).
+     * <p>
+     * Calls to this method provide AAD to the cipher when operating in
+     * modes such as AEAD (GCM/CCM).  If this cipher is operating in
+     * either GCM or CCM mode, all AAD must be supplied before beginning
+     * operations on the ciphertext (via the {@code update} and {@code
+     * doFinal} methods).
+     *
+     * @param src the buffer containing the Additional Authentication Data
+     *
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the {@code src}
+     * byte array is null
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if this cipher is in a wrong state
+     * (e.g., has not been initialized), does not accept AAD, or if
+     * operating in either GCM or CCM mode and one of the {@code update}
+     * methods has already been called for the active
+     * encryption/decryption operation
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the corresponding method
+     * in the {@code CipherSpi} has not been overridden by an
+     * implementation
+     *
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    public final void updateAAD(byte[] src) {
+        if (src == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("src buffer is null");
+        }
+
+        updateAAD(src, 0, src.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Continues a multi-part update of the Additional Authentication
+     * Data (AAD), using a subset of the provided buffer.
+     * <p>
+     * Calls to this method provide AAD to the cipher when operating in
+     * modes such as AEAD (GCM/CCM).  If this cipher is operating in
+     * either GCM or CCM mode, all AAD must be supplied before beginning
+     * operations on the ciphertext (via the {@code update} and {@code
+     * doFinal} methods).
+     *
+     * @param src the buffer containing the AAD
+     * @param offset the offset in {@code src} where the AAD input starts
+     * @param len the number of AAD bytes
+     *
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the {@code src}
+     * byte array is null, or the {@code offset} or {@code length}
+     * is less than 0, or the sum of the {@code offset} and
+     * {@code len} is greater than the length of the
+     * {@code src} byte array
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if this cipher is in a wrong state
+     * (e.g., has not been initialized), does not accept AAD, or if
+     * operating in either GCM or CCM mode and one of the {@code update}
+     * methods has already been called for the active
+     * encryption/decryption operation
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the corresponding method
+     * in the {@code CipherSpi} has not been overridden by an
+     * implementation
+     *
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    public final void updateAAD(byte[] src, int offset, int len) {
+        checkCipherState();
+
+        // Input sanity check
+        if ((src == null) || (offset < 0) || (len < 0)
+                || ((len + offset) > src.length)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad arguments");
+        }
+
+        chooseFirstProvider();
+        if (len == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        spi.engineUpdateAAD(src, offset, len);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Continues a multi-part update of the Additional Authentication
+     * Data (AAD).
+     * <p>
+     * Calls to this method provide AAD to the cipher when operating in
+     * modes such as AEAD (GCM/CCM).  If this cipher is operating in
+     * either GCM or CCM mode, all AAD must be supplied before beginning
+     * operations on the ciphertext (via the {@code update} and {@code
+     * doFinal} methods).
+     * <p>
+     * All {@code src.remaining()} bytes starting at
+     * {@code src.position()} are processed.
+     * Upon return, the input buffer's position will be equal
+     * to its limit; its limit will not have changed.
+     *
+     * @param src the buffer containing the AAD
+     *
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the {@code src ByteBuffer}
+     * is null
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if this cipher is in a wrong state
+     * (e.g., has not been initialized), does not accept AAD, or if
+     * operating in either GCM or CCM mode and one of the {@code update}
+     * methods has already been called for the active
+     * encryption/decryption operation
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the corresponding method
+     * in the {@code CipherSpi} has not been overridden by an
+     * implementation
+     *
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    public final void updateAAD(ByteBuffer src) {
+        checkCipherState();
+
+        // Input sanity check
+        if (src == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("src ByteBuffer is null");
+        }
+
+        chooseFirstProvider();
+        if (src.remaining() == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        spi.engineUpdateAAD(src);
+    }
 }

jdk/src/share/classes/javax/crypto/CipherSpi.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 1997, 2007, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * <code>inputLen</code> (in bytes).
      *
      * <p>This call takes into account any unprocessed (buffered) data from a
-     * previous <code>update</code> call, and padding.
+     * previous <code>update</code> call, padding, and AEAD tagging.
      *
      * <p>The actual output length of the next <code>update</code> or
      * <code>doFinal</code> call may be smaller than the length returned by
@@ -322,6 +322,11 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * {@link #engineGetParameters() engineGetParameters} or
      * {@link #engineGetIV() engineGetIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them from <code>random</code>.
@@ -339,8 +344,8 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * @param random the source of randomness
      *
      * @exception InvalidKeyException if the given key is inappropriate for
-     * initializing this cipher, or if this cipher is being initialized for
+     * initializing this cipher, or requires
-     * decryption and requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * algorithm parameters that cannot be
      * determined from the given key.
      */
     protected abstract void engineInit(int opmode, Key key,
@@ -366,6 +371,11 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * {@link #engineGetParameters() engineGetParameters} or
      * {@link #engineGetIV() engineGetIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them from <code>random</code>.
@@ -387,7 +397,7 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * initializing this cipher
      * @exception InvalidAlgorithmParameterException if the given algorithm
      * parameters are inappropriate for this cipher,
-     * or if this cipher is being initialized for decryption and requires
+     * or if this cipher requires
      * algorithm parameters and <code>params</code> is null.
      */
     protected abstract void engineInit(int opmode, Key key,
@@ -414,6 +424,11 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * {@link #engineGetParameters() engineGetParameters} or
      * {@link #engineGetIV() engineGetIV} (if the parameter is an IV).
      *
+     * <p>If this cipher requires algorithm parameters that cannot be
+     * derived from the input parameters, and there are no reasonable
+     * provider-specific default values, initialization will
+     * necessarily fail.
+     *
      * <p>If this cipher (including its underlying feedback or padding scheme)
      * requires any random bytes (e.g., for parameter generation), it will get
      * them from <code>random</code>.
@@ -435,7 +450,7 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * initializing this cipher
      * @exception InvalidAlgorithmParameterException if the given algorithm
      * parameters are inappropriate for this cipher,
-     * or if this cipher is being initialized for decryption and requires
+     * or if this cipher requires
      * algorithm parameters and <code>params</code> is null.
      */
     protected abstract void engineInit(int opmode, Key key,
@@ -548,6 +563,9 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * buffer, starting at <code>inputOffset</code> inclusive, and any input
      * bytes that may have been buffered during a previous <code>update</code>
      * operation, are processed, with padding (if requested) being applied.
+     * If an AEAD mode such as GCM/CCM is being used, the authentication
+     * tag is appended in the case of encryption, or verified in the
+     * case of decryption.
      * The result is stored in a new buffer.
      *
      * <p>Upon finishing, this method resets this cipher object to the state
@@ -575,6 +593,9 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * @exception BadPaddingException if this cipher is in decryption mode,
      * and (un)padding has been requested, but the decrypted data is not
      * bounded by the appropriate padding bytes
+     * @exception AEADBadTagException if this cipher is decrypting in an
+     * AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM), and the received authentication tag
+     * does not match the calculated value
      */
     protected abstract byte[] engineDoFinal(byte[] input, int inputOffset,
                                             int inputLen)
@@ -590,6 +611,9 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * buffer, starting at <code>inputOffset</code> inclusive, and any input
      * bytes that may have been buffered during a previous <code>update</code>
      * operation, are processed, with padding (if requested) being applied.
+     * If an AEAD mode such as GCM/CCM is being used, the authentication
+     * tag is appended in the case of encryption, or verified in the
+     * case of decryption.
      * The result is stored in the <code>output</code> buffer, starting at
      * <code>outputOffset</code> inclusive.
      *
@@ -626,6 +650,9 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * @exception BadPaddingException if this cipher is in decryption mode,
      * and (un)padding has been requested, but the decrypted data is not
      * bounded by the appropriate padding bytes
+     * @exception AEADBadTagException if this cipher is decrypting in an
+     * AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM), and the received authentication tag
+     * does not match the calculated value
      */
     protected abstract int engineDoFinal(byte[] input, int inputOffset,
                                          int inputLen, byte[] output,
@@ -640,8 +667,11 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * initialized.
      *
      * <p>All <code>input.remaining()</code> bytes starting at
-     * <code>input.position()</code> are processed. The result is stored
+     * <code>input.position()</code> are processed.
-     * in the output buffer.
+     * If an AEAD mode such as GCM/CCM is being used, the authentication
+     * tag is appended in the case of encryption, or verified in the
+     * case of decryption.
+     * The result is stored in the output buffer.
      * Upon return, the input buffer's position will be equal
      * to its limit; its limit will not have changed. The output buffer's
      * position will have advanced by n, where n is the value returned
@@ -678,6 +708,9 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
      * @exception BadPaddingException if this cipher is in decryption mode,
      * and (un)padding has been requested, but the decrypted data is not
      * bounded by the appropriate padding bytes
+     * @exception AEADBadTagException if this cipher is decrypting in an
+     * AEAD mode (such as GCM/CCM), and the received authentication tag
+     * does not match the calculated value
      *
      * @throws NullPointerException if either parameter is <CODE>null</CODE>
      * @since 1.5
@@ -892,4 +925,67 @@ public abstract class CipherSpi {
     {
         throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Continues a multi-part update of the Additional Authentication
+     * Data (AAD), using a subset of the provided buffer.
+     * <p>
+     * Calls to this method provide AAD to the cipher when operating in
+     * modes such as AEAD (GCM/CCM).  If this cipher is operating in
+     * either GCM or CCM mode, all AAD must be supplied before beginning
+     * operations on the ciphertext (via the {@code update} and {@code
+     * doFinal} methods).
+     *
+     * @param src the buffer containing the AAD
+     * @param offset the offset in {@code src} where the AAD input starts
+     * @param len the number of AAD bytes
+     *
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if this cipher is in a wrong state
+     * (e.g., has not been initialized), does not accept AAD, or if
+     * operating in either GCM or CCM mode and one of the {@code update}
+     * methods has already been called for the active
+     * encryption/decryption operation
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this method
+     * has not been overridden by an implementation
+     *
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    protected void engineUpdateAAD(byte[] src, int offset, int len) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+            "The underlying Cipher implementation "
+            +  "does not support this method");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Continues a multi-part update of the Additional Authentication
+     * Data (AAD).
+     * <p>
+     * Calls to this method provide AAD to the cipher when operating in
+     * modes such as AEAD (GCM/CCM).  If this cipher is operating in
+     * either GCM or CCM mode, all AAD must be supplied before beginning
+     * operations on the ciphertext (via the {@code update} and {@code
+     * doFinal} methods).
+     * <p>
+     * All {@code src.remaining()} bytes starting at
+     * {@code src.position()} are processed.
+     * Upon return, the input buffer's position will be equal
+     * to its limit; its limit will not have changed.
+     *
+     * @param src the buffer containing the AAD
+     *
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if this cipher is in a wrong state
+     * (e.g., has not been initialized), does not accept AAD, or if
+     * operating in either GCM or CCM mode and one of the {@code update}
+     * methods has already been called for the active
+     * encryption/decryption operation
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this method
+     * has not been overridden by an implementation
+     *
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    protected void engineUpdateAAD(ByteBuffer src) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+            "The underlying Cipher implementation "
+            +  "does not support this method");
+    }
 }

jdk/src/share/classes/javax/crypto/spec/GCMParameterSpec.java

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package javax.crypto.spec;
+
+import java.security.spec.AlgorithmParameterSpec;
+
+/**
+ * Specifies the set of parameters required by a {@link
+ * javax.crypto.Cipher} using the Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) mode.
+ * <p>
+ * Simple block cipher modes (such as CBC) generally require only an
+ * initialization vector (such as {@code IvParameterSpec}),
+ * but GCM needs these parameters:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>{@code IV}: Initialization Vector (IV) </li>
+ * <li>{@code tLen}: length (in bits) of authentication tag T</li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * In addition to the parameters described here, other GCM inputs/output
+ * (Additional Authenticated Data (AAD), Keys, block ciphers,
+ * plain/ciphertext and authentication tags) are handled in the {@code
+ * Cipher} class.
+  <p>
+ * Please see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5116.txt"> RFC 5116
+ * </a> for more information on the Authenticated Encryption with
+ * Associated Data (AEAD) algorithm, and <a href=
+ * "http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-38D/SP-800-38D.pdf">
+ * NIST Special Publication 800-38D</a>, "NIST Recommendation for Block
+ * Cipher Modes of Operation:  Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC."
+ * <p>
+ * The GCM specification states that {@code tLen} may only have the
+ * values {128, 120, 112, 104, 96}, or {64, 32} for certain
+ * applications.  Other values can be specified for this class, but not
+ * all CSP implementations will support them.
+ *
+ * @see javax.crypto.Cipher
+ *
+ * @since 1.7
+ */
+public class GCMParameterSpec implements AlgorithmParameterSpec {
+
+    // Initialization Vector.  Could use IvParameterSpec, but that
+    // would add extra copies.
+    private byte[] iv;
+
+    // Required Tag length (in bits).
+    private int tLen;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a GCMParameterSpec using the specified authentication
+     * tag bit-length and IV buffer.
+     *
+     * @param tLen the authentication tag length (in bits)
+     * @param src the IV source buffer.  The contents of the buffer are
+     * copied to protect against subsequent modification.
+     *
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code tLen} is negative,
+     * or {@code src} is null.
+     */
+    public GCMParameterSpec(int tLen, byte[] src) {
+        if (src == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("src array is null");
+        }
+
+        init(tLen, src, 0, src.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a GCMParameterSpec object using the specified
+     * authentication tag bit-length and a subset of the specified
+     * buffer as the IV.
+     *
+     * @param tLen the authentication tag length (in bits)
+     * @param src the IV source buffer.  The contents of the
+     * buffer are copied to protect against subsequent modification.
+     * @param offset the offset in {@code src} where the IV starts
+     * @param len the number of IV bytes
+     *
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code tLen} is negative,
+     * {@code src} is null, {@code len} or {@code offset} is negative,
+     * or the sum of {@code offset} and {@code len} is greater than the
+     * length of the {@code src} byte array.
+     */
+    public GCMParameterSpec(int tLen, byte[] src, int offset, int len) {
+        init(tLen, src, offset, len);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Check input parameters.
+     */
+    private void init(int tLen, byte[] src, int offset, int len) {
+        if (tLen < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Length argument is negative");
+        }
+        this.tLen = tLen;
+
+        // Input sanity check
+        if ((src == null) ||(len < 0) || (offset < 0)
+                || ((len + offset) > src.length)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid buffer arguments");
+        }
+
+        iv = new byte[len];
+        System.arraycopy(src, offset, iv, 0, len);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the authentication tag length.
+     *
+     * @return the authentication tag length (in bits)
+     */
+    public int getTLen() {
+        return tLen;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the Initialization Vector (IV).
+     *
+     * @return the IV.  Creates a new array each time this method
+     * is called.
+     */
+    public byte[] getIV() {
+        return iv.clone();
+    }
+}

jdk/test/javax/crypto/Cipher/GCMAPI.java

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @test
+ * @bug 7031343
+ * @summary Provide API changes to support GCM AEAD ciphers
+ * @author Brad Wetmore
+ */
+
+import javax.crypto.*;
+import javax.crypto.spec.*;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+/*
+ * At this point in time, we can't really do any testing since only the API
+ * is available, the underlying implementation doesn't exist yet.  Test
+ * what we can...
+ */
+public class GCMAPI {
+
+    // 16 elements
+    private static byte[] bytes = new byte[] {
+        0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+        0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f };
+
+    private static int failed = 0;
+    private static Cipher c;
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        c = Cipher.getInstance("AES");
+        c.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, new SecretKeySpec(new byte[16], "AES"));
+
+        updateAADFail((byte[]) null);
+        updateAADPass(bytes);
+
+        updateAADFail(null, 2, 4);
+        updateAADFail(bytes, -2, 4);
+        updateAADFail(bytes, 2, -4);
+        updateAADFail(bytes, 2, 15);  // one too many
+
+        updateAADPass(bytes, 2, 14);  // ok.
+        updateAADPass(bytes, 4, 4);
+        updateAADPass(bytes, 0, 0);
+
+        ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes);
+
+        updateAADFail((ByteBuffer) null);
+        updateAADPass(bb);
+
+        if (failed != 0) {
+            throw new Exception("Test(s) failed");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void updateAADPass(byte[] src) {
+        try {
+            c.updateAAD(src);
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
+            // swallow
+        }catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void updateAADFail(byte[] src) {
+        try {
+            c.updateAAD(src);
+            new Exception("Didn't Fail as Expected").printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // swallow
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void updateAADPass(byte[] src, int offset, int len) {
+        try {
+            c.updateAAD(src, offset, len);
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
+            // swallow
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void updateAADFail(byte[] src, int offset, int len) {
+        try {
+            c.updateAAD(src, offset, len);
+            new Exception("Didn't Fail as Expected").printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // swallow
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void updateAADPass(ByteBuffer src) {
+        try {
+            c.updateAAD(src);
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
+            // swallow
+        }catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void updateAADFail(ByteBuffer src) {
+        try {
+            c.updateAAD(src);
+            new Exception("Didn't Fail as Expected").printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // swallow
+        }
+    }
+}

jdk/test/javax/crypto/spec/GCMParameterSpec/GCMParameterSpecTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @test
+ * @bug 7031343
+ * @summary Provide API changes to support GCM AEAD ciphers
+ * @author Brad Wetmore
+ */
+
+import javax.crypto.AEADBadTagException;
+import javax.crypto.spec.GCMParameterSpec;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public class GCMParameterSpecTest {
+
+    // 16 elements
+    private static byte[] bytes = new byte[] {
+        0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+        0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f };
+
+    private static int failed = 0;
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        newGCMParameterSpecFail(-1, bytes);
+        newGCMParameterSpecFail(128, null);
+        newGCMParameterSpecPass(128, bytes);
+
+        newGCMParameterSpecFail(-1, bytes, 2, 4);
+        newGCMParameterSpecFail(128, null, 2, 4);
+        newGCMParameterSpecFail(128, bytes, -2, 4);
+        newGCMParameterSpecFail(128, bytes, 2, -4);
+        newGCMParameterSpecFail(128, bytes, 2, 15);  // one too many
+
+        newGCMParameterSpecPass(128, bytes, 2, 14);  // ok.
+        newGCMParameterSpecPass(96, bytes, 4, 4);
+        newGCMParameterSpecPass(96, bytes, 0, 0);
+
+        // Might as well check the Exception constructors.
+        try {
+            new AEADBadTagException();
+            new AEADBadTagException("Bad Tag Seen");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        }
+
+        if (failed != 0) {
+            throw new Exception("Test(s) failed");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void newGCMParameterSpecPass(
+            int tLen, byte[] src) {
+        try {
+            GCMParameterSpec gcmps = new GCMParameterSpec(tLen, src);
+            if (gcmps.getTLen() != tLen) {
+                throw new Exception("tLen's not equal");
+            }
+            if (!Arrays.equals(gcmps.getIV(), src)) {
+                throw new Exception("IV's not equal");
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void newGCMParameterSpecFail(
+            int tLen, byte[] src) {
+        try {
+            new GCMParameterSpec(tLen, src);
+            new Exception("Didn't Fail as Expected").printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // swallow
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void newGCMParameterSpecPass(
+            int tLen, byte[] src, int offset, int len) {
+        try {
+            GCMParameterSpec gcmps =
+                new GCMParameterSpec(tLen, src, offset, len);
+            if (gcmps.getTLen() != tLen) {
+                throw new Exception("tLen's not equal");
+            }
+            if (!Arrays.equals(gcmps.getIV(),
+                    Arrays.copyOfRange(src, offset, offset + len))) {
+                System.out.println(offset + " " + len);
+                System.out.println(Arrays.copyOfRange(src, offset, len)[0]);
+                throw new Exception("IV's not equal");
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void newGCMParameterSpecFail(
+            int tLen, byte[] src, int offset, int len) {
+        try {
+            new GCMParameterSpec(tLen, src, offset, len);
+            new Exception("Didn't Fail as Expected").printStackTrace();
+            failed++;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // swallow
+        }
+    }
+}