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ABOUT
Once published, it is impossible to add methods to an interface without
breaking existing implementations (specifically, adding a method to an
interface is not a source-compatible change). The longer the time since a
library has been published, the more likely it is that this restriction will
cause grief for its maintainers.
The addition of closures to the Java language in JDK 8 place additional stress
on the aging Collection interfaces; one of the most significant benefits of
closures is that it enables the development of more powerful libraries. It
would be disappointing to add a language feature that enables better libraries
while at the same time not extending the core libraries to take advantage of
that feature.
A mechanism for adding new methods to existing interfaces is proposed, which is
called virtual extension (or default) methods. Existing interfaces can be
augmented without compromising backward compatibility by adding extension
methods to the interface, whose declaration would contain instructions for
finding the default implementation in the event that implementers do not
provide a method body. A key characteristic of extension methods is that they
are virtual methods just like other interface methods, but provide a default
implementation in the event that the implementing class does not provide a
method body.
VM support is necessary to implement virtual extension methods.
OVERVIEW
The test suite is organized in the following manner.
The tests rely on a framework to generate class hierarchies and tests
directly in bytecode from a pseudo-code in Java. Pseudo-code is written
using builder pattern and fluent coding style.
The framework is located in src/vm/runtime/defmeth/shared and divided into
/data and /builder sections.
As an example, the following code:
TestBuilder b = factory.getBuilder();
Interface I = b.intf("I")
.defaultMethod("m", "()I").returns(1).build()
.build();
ConcreteClass C = b.clazz("C").implement(I)
.concreteMethod("m", "()I").returns(2).build()
.build();
b.test().callSite(I, C, "m", "()I").returns(2).done()
.test().callSite(C, C, "m", "()I").returns(2).done()
.run();
translates into bytecode equivalent of:
2-class hierarchy:
interface I {
int m() default { return 1; }
}
class C implements I {
public int m() { return 2; }
}
and 2 tests:
Test1_I_C_m {
static void test() {
I i = new C();
if (i.m() != 2) throw new TestFailure();
}
}
Test2_C_C_m {
static void test() {
C c = new C();
if (c.m() != 2) throw new TestFailure();
}
}
TestBuilder.run() calls Test1_I_C_m.test() and Test2_C_C_m.test() and
performs failure reporting, if necessary.
All tests are located in src/vm/runtime/defmeth and are grouped according
to the area they excercise. The test groups are:
- AccessibilityFlagsTest
- BasicTest
- ConflictingDefaultsTest
- DefaultVsAbstractTest
- MethodResolutionTest
- ObjectMethodOverridesTest
- PrivateMethodsTest
- RedefineTest
- StaticMethodsTest
- StressTest
- SuperCallTest
Additionally, each test enumerates test configurations and run every test case with them.
Test configuration consists of 4 parameters:
majorVer - major version of class files for generated concrete classes
values: MIN_MAJOR_VER (49) ... MAX_MAJOR_VER (61)
methodFlags - additional access flags for methods in generated classes
values: no additional flags, ACC_SYNCHRONIZED
invocationType - how methods in test hiearchies are invoked during testing
DIRECT - invoke* bytecodes
REFLECTION - Reflection API
INDY - invokedynamic bytecode
INVOKE_EXACT - MethodHandle.invokeExact()
INVOKE_GENERIC - MethodHandle.invoke()
INVOKE_WITH_ARGS - MethodHandle.invokeWithArguments()
redefine - whether to preload and redefine classes before running individual tests
values: false, true
STRESS TESTING
Stress test differs from other scenarios - it has only 2 modes: redefine and noredefine.
Stress scenario is the following:
- in multiple threads (5 by default)...
- ... continuously run random vm.runtime.defmeth.* tests ...
- ... in random configurations ...
- ... until predefined period of time is over...
- ... or any failures occured.
HOW TO RUN
Directly from command-line:
$ java -cp ${VMTESTBASE}/bin/classes vm.runtime.defmeth.shared.DefMethTest
Specify testing mode:
-flags <int>
additional access flags on default methods (default: 0)
-ver <int>
class file major version (default: 52)
-redefine <boolean>
redefine classes during execution (default: false)
-mode [direct|reflect|invoke]
specify method invocation mechanism (default: direct):
- direct - invoke* instructions in bytecode
- reflect - Reflection API
- invoke - invokedynamic & MethodHandle.invoke*
-execMode [DIRECT|REFLECTION|INVOKE_EXACT|INVOKE_GENERIC|INVOKE_WITH_ARGS|INDY]
specify concrete execution mode
Execution-specific flags:
-list <boolean>
list available tests
-filter <regex>
filter tests by name
(default: .* )
If you run tests directly from command line, in order to make "-redefine true",
StressTest or RedefineTest work, additional steps are necessary:
add -agentlib:redefineClasses to JVM options
set correct LD_LIBRARY_PATH:
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:${VM_TESTBASE}/bin/lib/${PLATFORM}/vm/runtime/defmeth/shared/
Also, it is possible to run any test group directly:
$ java -cp ${VMTESTBASE}/bin/classes vm.runtime.defmeth.BasicTest
StressTest has some specific options:
-stressTime <long>
Stress execution time in seconds (default: 30)
-stressThreadsFactor <int>
Stress threads factor (default: 1)
-seed <int>
force deterministic behavior (default: 0)
-redefine <boolean>
use scenarios w/ class redefinition (default: false)
-ver <int>
minimum class file version to be used in the tests (default: 49)
-ignoreTestFailures
ignore failures of individual tests
To simplify failure analysis, the framework has some additional flags to produce
diagnostics output:
-Dvm.runtime.defmeth.printTests
print pseudo-code for each test;
-Dvm.runtime.defmeth.printAssembly
print bytecode assembly for all generated class files;
-Dvm.runtime.defmeth.printASMify
print "asmified" version of generated class files;
very useful when preparing reduced test cases.
-Dvm.runtime.defmeth.dumpClasses
dump class files under DUMP_CLASS_FILES in <test_name> folder
-Dvm.runtime.defmeth.printStackTrace
print full stack traces for all errors and test failures
-Dvm.runtime.defmeth.traceClassRedefinition
trace class redefinition during testing
LINKS
[1] "Design and Implementation of Default Methods in Hotspot JVM", by Keith McGuigan, 09/18/2012
http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~kamg/default_methods_in_hotspot.txt
[2] "Featherweight Defenders: A formal model for virtual extension methods in Java", by Brian Goetz, Robert Field, 03/27/2012
http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~briangoetz/lambda/featherweight-defenders.pdf
[3] "Interface evolution via virtual extension methods", by Brian Goetz, 4th draft, 06/2011
http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~briangoetz/lambda/Defender%20Methods%20v4.pdf
